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Sexual orientation disclosure may, however, be beneficial for well-being, including facilitating access to gay-specific support and culturally competent resources ( Sandfort, Bos, & Vet, 2006). Internalization of stigma associated with one’s sexual identity and chronic exposure to related stressors over the life course may impair self-esteem and the development of a positive self-concept ( Cass, 1979 Coleman, 1982 D’Augelli & Grossman, 2001 Juster, Smith, Ouellet, Sindi, & Lupien, 2013 Meyer, 2003 Meyer & Dean, 1998 Meyer, Schwartz, & Frost, 2008 Sandfort, Bakker, Schellevis, & Vanwesenbeeck, 2009 Sandfort, de Graaf, Bijl, & Schnabel, 2001 Sandfort, Melendez, & Diaz, 2007 Troiden, 1989). This concealment may be characterized by increased vigilance in actively censoring clues about one’s sexual identity, and there may be preoccupation with thoughts about potential negative consequences of being discovered (Smart & Wagner, 2000). As a result, gay and bisexual individuals may expend significant effort in seeking to conceal their sexual identity due to fear of violence and discrimination, or in anticipation of disapproval from significant others ( Meyer, 2003 Watson, Wheldon, & Russell, 2015). Stigmatization has potential negative implications for life chances due to discrimination and related structural and social barriers ( Link & Phelan, 2001). Stigma exists when negative stereotypes are linked to aspects of one’s identity, with accompanying isolation and devaluation by members of the dominant culture. Gay or bisexual identity is highly stigmatized in some societies.